Greenhouse gases caused by fossil fuels, such as carbon dioxide when released in the atmosphere, its existence would hinder the heat that would leave the earth so that it will increase the temperature of the earth. If this happens then there will be climate change that will affect the quality of life in our environment. Besides caused by CO2, the following gases also contribute to global warming, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Actual biomass combustion produces CO2 but carbon dioxide generated will be stabilized by re-absorption by plants, so there is no penimbuan carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and being kept in balance.
Temperature binding
Year 1998 was the year in which the greatest increase in temperature. Increasing temperature causes the melting of ice at the poles so that the volume of the oceans to rise and the level of a sea level rise of 10 to 25 cm. Even in his prediction in 2100 the temperature will rise sharply until it reaches 6 degrees Celsius. The impact of natural disasters that yangmemicu which will reduce the quality of human life.
To prevent a wide range of impacts of global warming, can be done by reducing or stopping the process triggering the greatest in greenhouse gases is the burning of fossil fuels. Fuel combustion is closely related to the fulfillment of the energy sector for improving the economy of a country. Development of biomass as an energy source for fuel substitution could be a solution to reduce the release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. With the use of biomass as an energy source the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere will be balanced. At the same time humans increasingly cause an increase in greenhouse with extensive logging (deforestrisasi), thereby reducing its ability to absorb CO2. besides that the results obtained by burned forest and produce CO2 and some particulate matter. Conference on climate change has been made in Kyoto, Japan in 1997.
Biomass Potential in Indonesia
Indonesia, as tropical agricultural country that has some potential source of renewable energy, among others: hydro and micro hydro energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy, solar energy and wind energy.
Large biomass potential in the country, to reach 49.81 GW is not comparable with an installed capacity of 302.4 MW. If we maximize the potential that exists to increase the amount of installed capacity, it will help the fossil fuels that have been the cornerstone of energy use. This will help the economy which has been the result of the budget of wasteful fuel subsidies that amount exceeds the budgets of other sectors.
Biomass energy becomes important when compared with renewable energy because the process of conversion into electrical energy has a less expensive investment when compared with other types of renewable energy sources. This is the excess biomass compared to other energy. Own biomass energy process utilizing solar energy to convert heat energy into carbohydrates through photosynthesis which then converted back into heat energy.
Biomass Conversion
The use of biomass to generate heat in a simple fact has been done by our ancestors centuries ago. Its application is very simple, direct burning biomass and producing heat. In today's modern times heat of combustion is converted into electrical energy melali turbine and generator. The heat of combustion of biomass will produce steam in a boiler. Steam turbine will be transferred into so will result lap and drive the generator. Rotation of the turbine is converted into electrical energy via a magnetic magnets in the generator. Direct combustion of biomass has a weakness, so that on the application of current technology to begin implementing some meningkatkanmanfaat biomass as fuel. Some of the application of the conversion technology, namely:
Densification
Practice that is easy to increase the benefits of biomass is formed into briquettes or pellets. Briquettes or pellets will facilitate the handling of biomass. The goal is to increase the density and easy storage and transportation. In general, densification (briquettes or pellet formation) has several advantages (Bhattacharya et al, 1996) namely: raising the calorific value per unit volume, easily stored and transported, having a uniform size and quality.
Carbonization
Carbonization is a process to convert the material into charcoal orgranik. the carbonization process will release flammable substances such as CO, CH4, H2, formaldehyde, methane, and acetil formik acid and substances that do not burn like like CO2, H2O and liquid tar. The gases released in this process has a high calorific value and can be used to meet the needs of heat in the process of carbonization.
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis or be on call thermolisis is the chemical decomposition process by using a heating without the presence of oxygen. This process is actually part of the process of carbonization of carbon or Aran untukmemperoleh roses, but most refer to the process of pyrolysis is a high temperature carbonization (HTC), more than 500 oC. The process of pyrolysis products with solid fuel that is carbon, the liquid form of a mixture of tar and some other substances. Lainn product is a gas form of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and some gas that has a small content.
Anaerobic digestion
Igestion anaerobic process is a process involving microorganisms without the presence of oxygen in a digester. This process produces a product gas of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as well as some small amount of gas, such as H2, N2, and H2S. This process can be classified into two kinds of dry and wet anaerobic digestion. The difference of these two anaerobic process is a mixture of water content in the biomass. on the dry anaerobic biomass contains 25-30% while for the type of wet biomass contains less than 15% (Sing and Misra, 2005).
Gasification
Gasification is a process of conversion for material change either in liquid or into liquid fuel using a high temperature. Gasification process to produce liquid fuels are clean and efficient than pembkaran directly, namely hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Can result in fuel gas directly on the internal combustion engine or combustion eaktor. Through the process Fische-Tropsch gasification gas can result in a methanol extract.
Political Will
All potential will not be worth without the support and political will of governments and the wider community. The establishment of the national team development of biofuel (BBN) with blue print publishing and the energy sector road map for realizing the development of biofuels is a strategic step that can be achieved through the development of biomass energy independence. Public participation will be very helpful in pengimplemetasian development of bioenergy crops, so that ultimately this nation can come out of the energy crisis with the energy supply of sustainable biofuels